United Arab Emirates

Member Organizations

  Member Organization   Associate

  Emirates Association for Accountants & Auditors (EAAA)

 

Legal and Regulatory Environment

  • Overview of Statutory Framework for Accounting and Auditing

    The financial accounting and auditing reporting framework in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is established under several laws, namely: UAE Federal Law No. 12 of 2014 Concerning Auditing Profession Law, Ministerial Resolution No. (403) of 2015, Federal Decree No. 41 of 2023 on Regulating the Auditing and Accounting Profession, Ministerial Resolution No. 111 of 2022, Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies, Securities and Commodities Authority Board of Director’s Decision No. 3 of 2000 Concerning the Regulations as to Disclosure and Transparency, and Ministerial Resolution No. 403 of 2015 Concerning the International Standards of the Auditing Profession.

    Accounting Framework

    The UAE Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies requires all companies to apply IFRS Standards and other pronouncements as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Furthermore, all entities that meet the definition of a small- and medium-sized entities (SMEs) are permitted to use the IFRS for SMEs Standard.

    For SMEs operating in Abu Dhabi, a micro business is defined as having fewer than five employees, while a small enterprise is defined as having more than five employees but less than nineteen. A medium-sized business is one with 20 or more employees but 49 or fewer, according to a decree issued by Abu Dhabi Executive Council on 30 June 2013.

    For SMEs operating in Dubai, according to Dubai SME, the definition is dependent on the sector the company operates in. A micro business in the trading sector, is one with nine or fewer employees and a turnover of AED 9 million or less. However, in manufacturing, a micro-SME is one with 20 or fewer employees, with a turnover of less than AED 10 million. In services, a micro business is one with 20 or fewer employees with a turnover of less than AED 3 million.

    Pursuant to the Article 36 – 7(b)2 of the Securities and Commodities Authority Board of Director’s Decision No. 3 of 2000 Concerning the Regulations as to Disclosure and Transparency, listed companies, listed on the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) are also required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS Standards as issued by IASB.

    For Financial Free Zones (FFZs), GEN 8.2.2. of the General AUD of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) Rule book for all regulated entities operating from Dubai International Financial Centre (DFIC), and General (GEN) 6.2.2. of the General Module of the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) Rule book for all regulated entities operating from Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM), are required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS Standards. Both DFSA and FSRA permit the use of IFRS for SMEs for certain entities.

    Auditing Framework

    In accordance with Federal Law No. 12 of 2014 Concerning Auditing Profession Law, international auditing standards are adopted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Economy (MoE) for all mandatory audits. The MoE, through and the Ministry of Economy’s Ministerial Resolution No. (403) of 2015, requires application of ISA as issued by IAASB in the UAE in all statutory audits. However, as of the date of this assessment ISQM 1 & 2 and ISA 220 Revised are not formally required in application by the Ministry of Economy and regulations still reference quality control.

    The respective regulators of the FFZs have mandated application of ISA as issued by IAASB. The official language for entities operating in the FFZs is English so no translation is required.

  • Regulation of Accountancy Profession

    Only auditors are regulated at the state level by the Ministry of Economy, and the Emirates Association of Accountants and Auditors (EAAA). Other segments of the professions are self-regulated.

    Regulation of Auditors

    The Ministry of Economy regulates all auditors, other than those working inside the Financial Free Zones (FFZs), through various legislation and resolutions.

    EAAA was initially established by Federal Decree No. 227 of 1997 on the Establishment of a Professional Accountancy Organization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a voluntary professional accountancy organization for accountants and auditors. However, with the passage of Ministerial Resolution No. 111-2 of 2022, all auditors licensed by the Ministry of Economy are now required to become members of EAAA to practice.

    EAAA is responsible for (i) offering continuing professional development (CPD) for its members; (ii) enforcing member compliance with applicable accounting, auditing, and ethical standards; and (iii) undertaking any other activities that promote high professional standards and improve the quality of the profession. EAAA members are also subject to EAAA’s ethical requirements and investigation & disciplinary procedures. Since the UAE is a largely expat-based country, members of EAAA are generally members of other international PAOs, some with offices in the UAE and are subject to their rules and regulations as well.

    The Ministry of Economy (MoE) is responsible for (i) conducting a quality assurance (QA) review system; (ii) establishing entry requirements and initial professional development requirements for auditors; (iii) overseeing EAAA’s delivery of the CPD Program for auditors; (iv) issuing audit licenses; (v) adopting accounting, auditing, and ethical standards, other than IPSAS which is the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance; (vi) conducting investigation & disciplinary (I&D) processes for auditors; and (vii) maintaining the registry for auditors and audit firms.

    The MoE issues audit licenses to applicants who fulfill the following requirements: (i) hold a valid bachelor’s degree in accounting, or another subject with at least 15 credit hours in accounting; (ii) completed practical experience of 5 years or more (or 1 year if experience outside of the UAE is 10 years, or 3 years if the experience outside of the UAE is more than 2 years); (iii) hold valid membership at EAAA; (iv) obtained the Fellowship Certificate (i.e. passed 3 examinations on IFRs, ISA, UAE Tax); and (v) fulfilled 30 hours of CPD annually, 12 of which should be obtained via EAAA.

    Auditors that obtain their licenses from the MoE must join EAAA as Working Members if they are UAE nationals, or as Affiliate Members if they are expats. Holders of ACCA membership can also become members of EAAA via the UAECA qualification scheme.

    Candidates for the UAECA designation are required to pass the exams of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) qualification in addition to the criteria for ACCA membership (including three years of practical work experience and passing the Ethics and Professional Skills Module).

    Auditors of publicly listed companies are subject to additional requirements and regulations in the Financial Free Zones (FFZs) by the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA), Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority (ADAA), and the Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA).

    Regulation of Accountants

    Since the UAE is a largely expat-based country, there are many accounting professionals practicing in the jurisdiction with foreign qualifications that are recognized by the Ministry of Economy. These accounting professionals are subject to their respective membership organization’s education requirements—ACCA, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), Association of International Certified Professional Accountants (AICPA Global), Chartered Accountants Sri Lanka (CASL)—which are generally aligned with the 2019 IES requirements.

    Finally, graduates from universities in the UAE or equivalent foreign universities recognized by the MoE may practice accounting immediately upon graduating since there is no requirement to obtain an accounting license or pass an examination. They may choose voluntarily to join EAAA as student members and pursue the United Arab Emirates Chartered Accountant (UAECA) qualification, as bookkeepers, or associates and be subject to EAAA’s rules and regulations. Candidates for the UAECA designation are required to pass the exams of the ACCA qualification in addition to the criteria for ACCA membership (including three years of practical work experience and passing the Ethics and Professional Skills Module).

  • Audit Oversight Arrangements

    The Ministry of Economy (MoE), together with the Emirates Association for Accountants & Auditors (EAAA) regulates and oversees all auditors, in accordance with the legislation outlined in the Regulation section, other than those working inside the Financial Free Zones (FFZs).

    There are also three independent audit oversight authorities that exist in the jurisdiction for FFZs that operate under their respective legislations—Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA), Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority (ADAA), and Security and Commodities Authority (SCA).

    DFSA has its own audit laws and rules under which it regulates audit firms and audit partners who provide audit services to the DFSA regulated entities. In accordance with Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) Law No. 1 of 2004, the DFSA is responsible for the registration, oversight and suspension / removal of auditors and audit firms in DIFC with respect to Public Listed Companies (PLCs), Authorized Firms (Afs), Authorized Market Institutions (AMIs) and Domestic Funds (DFs). DFSA is a member of the International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators (IFIAR), and the Asian-Oceanian Standard-Setters Group (AOSSG).

    ADAA was established in accordance with Law No. 14 of 2008 to carry out audit oversight responsibilities for statutory auditors in Abu Dhabi. ADAA is an independent authority of the Abu Dhabi Government under the authority. ADAA is a member of IFIAR.

    The SCA is formed under the Federal Law No. 6 of 2009 amending Certain Provisions of Federal Law No. 4 of 2000 Establishing the Emirates Securities & Commodities Authority and Market to regulate listed joint-stock companies and other companies operating in the securities field. Companies listed on Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and Abu Dhabi Exchange (ADX) are under direct supervision of SCA. SCA maintains its own list of approved auditors which permits audit firms licensed by the UAE MoE to provide audit services to the public listed companies. SCA is currently establishing a framework for independent audit oversight for auditors of public listed companies.

  • Professional Accountancy Organizations

    The Emirates Association of Accountants and Auditors (EAAA)

    EAAA was initially established by Federal Decree No. 227 of 1997 on the Establishment of a Professional Accountancy Organization in the UAE as a voluntary professional accountancy organization for accountants and auditors. However, when Ministerial Resolution No. 111-2 of 2022 passed, all auditors licensed by the Ministry of Economy are now required to become members of EAAA to practice.

    EAAA’s membership comprises accountants, auditors, firms, and students. EAAA members work in public practice, business/industry, public sector, academia, and accounting/auditing firms. They offer a wide range of services including, but not limited to, accounting and bookkeeping, auditing, Value Added Tax consultancy, Economic Substance Requirements (ESR) consultancy, financial management, banking, internal audit, legal services, management accounting, finance, and accounting education, and information & (IT) services in accounting.

    EAAA is responsible for (i) offering continuing professional development (CPD) for its members; (ii) enforcing member compliance with applicable accounting, auditing, and ethical standards; and (iii) undertaking any other activities that promote high professional standards and improve the quality of the profession. EAAA members are also subject to EAAA’s ethical requirements and investigation & disciplinary procedures. Since the UAE is a largely expat-based country, members of EAAA are generally members of other international PAOs, some with offices in the UAE and are subject to their rules and regulations as well.

    In addition to being an Associate member of IFAC, EAAA is a member of the Arab Federation of Accountants and Auditors (AFAA).

  • Projects or Other Information
    • In November 2013, EAAA signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) followed by a strategic partnership agreement (SPA) in 2014. Through the SPA, EAAA and ACCA formalized a five-year commitment to (i) develop the accountancy profession in the UAE; (ii) strengthen the capacity of EAAA and raise its profile in the region and globally; and (iii) support the UAE government in enhancing the qualification of UAE nationals. Both parties agreed to the development of a national qualification in the UAE through a Joint Examination Scheme (JES) and the use of ACCA’s practical experience requirement and ethics module. In 2021, a new agreement between EAAA and ACCA was signed that encompasses both the JES and a continuation of collaborative activities for a period of three (3) years. ACCA and EAAA regularly meet to discuss collaboration and joint initiatives to further the accountancy profession in the UAE.

 

Adoption of International Standards

  • Quality Assurance

    In accordance with Federal Law No. 12 of 2014 and Federal Decree No. 41 of 2023, the Ministry of Economy has the authority to conduct Quality Assurance (QA) reviews for auditors in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) except Financial Free Zones (FFZs). Federal Decree No. 41 of 2023 has further strengthened the Ministry of Economy’s (MoE) oversight on quality as it requires auditors to implement systems of internal controls, governance, quality control, independence compliance and anti-money laundering procedures. According to the Emirates Association of Accountants and Auditors (EAAA), the MoE’s QA review system has been established and is operational as of the date of the assessment.

    There are additional laws for FFZs that mandate QA reviews for their respective regulated entities.

    • Federal Law No. 6 of 2009 amending Certain Provisions of Federal Law No. 4 of 2000 Establishing the Emirates Securities & Commodities Authority and Market requires that the Security and Commodities Authority (SCA) establish a framework for independent audit oversight for auditors of public listed entities. For Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) stock exchanges, SCA performs reviews of auditors’ files to ensure compliance to its regulations. In accordance with the Board of Director’s Decision No. 25 of 2015, to be a registered auditor with SCA, several requirements must be met including implementation of ISQC. A failure to pass a quality control assessment by SCA results in removal from the register (Article12).
    • DFIC Law No. 1 of 2004 requires that the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) conduct QA reviews for Nasdaq Dubai. The QA review procedures are available on the DFSA website. Auditors of public listed companies (PLC) and Big 4 firms are subject to inspections once every two years, while all others are subject to inspections once every five years. The inspections result in the auditors being given a risk rating. The frequency of visits may be increased if the auditor is determined to be of a higher risk. As of December 31, 2019, 4 auditors of PLCs, and 16 auditors of Authorized Firms (Afs), Authorized Market Institutions (AMIs), and Domestic Funds (DFs) were subject to an inspection. The DFSA inspection team also reviews annual audited financial statements to ensure compliance with applicable financial reporting standards.
    • Law No. 14 of 2008 requires Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority (ADAA) to establish and operationalize a QA review system in Abu Dhabi for entities that fall under its purview which are listed statutory auditors. The auditors are listed based on compliance with ADAA requirements including ISQC implementation – the list of registered auditors is reviewed by ADAA every 3 months. ADAA has an examination team that examines and inspect audit firms’ files and working papers. It implements its own inspection methodology which is based on the international standards as well as the laws and regulations of Abu Dhabi. Inspections are carried out according to an annual plan prepared based on ADAA internal risk assessment processes, which considers the financial value of subject entities, its impact as well as findings noted in prior years inspections, and approved by His Highness the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi. ADAA’s first QA reviews began in 2008.

    EAAA assessed QA review processes at the jurisdiction level and identified some gaps in the extent of alignment with SMO 1 requirements as detailed in EAAA’s 2024 SMO Action Plan.

    Current Status: Partially Adopted

  • International Education Standards

    Federal Decree No. 227 of 1997 on the Establishment of a Professional Accountancy Organization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Federal Decree No. 41 of 2023 on Regulating the Auditing and Accounting Profession establish initial professional development (IPD) and general continuing professional development (CPD) requirements for auditors, which is further defined by the Ministry of Economy (MoE) via Ministerial Resolution 111-2 of 2022 on Approval of Application of Fellowship Certificate and Continuing Professional Education Program for Auditors Registered with the Ministry of Economy.

    The MoE issues audit practice licenses to applicants who fulfill the following requirements: (i) hold a valid bachelor’s degree in accounting, or another subject with at least 15 credit hours in accounting; (ii) practical experience of more than 5 years or more (or 1 year if experience outside of the UAE is 10 years, 2 years if experience outside UAE is 5 to 10 years, 3 years if experience outside the UAE is 2 to 5 years); (iii) hold valid membership at EAAA; (iv) obtain the Fellowship Certificate (i.e. pass 3 examinations on IFRs, ISA, UAE Tax); and (v) fulfill 30 hours of continuing professional development annually, 12 of which should be obtained via the Emirates Association for Accountants and Auditors (EAAA).

    Auditors that obtain their licenses from the MoE must join EAAA as Working Members if they are UAE nationals, or as Affiliate Members if they are expats. Holders of ACCA membership can also become members of EAAA via the UAECA qualification scheme.

    Candidates for the UAECA designation are required to pass the exams of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) qualification in addition to the criteria for ACCA membership (including three years of practical work experience and passing the Ethics and Professional Skills Module).

    There are additional laws for Financial Free Zones (FFZs) that mandate education requirements for auditors of these regulated entities.

    In 2024, EAAA conducted an assessment to determine the extent of alignment at the jurisdiction level with 2019 revised IES requirements and indicated partial alignment pertaining to IESs 1-8.

    Additionally, since the UAE is a largely expat-based country, there are several accountancy professionals practicing in the jurisdiction with foreign qualifications that are recognized by the Ministry of Economy. These accountancy professionals are subject to their respective membership organization’s education requirements—ACCA, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), Association of International Certified Professional Accountants (AICPA Global), Chartered Accountants Sri Lanka (CASL)—which are generally aligned with the 2019 IES requirements.

    Finally, graduates from universities in the UAE or equivalent foreign universities recognized by the MoE may practice accounting immediately upon graduating since there is no requirement to obtain an accounting license or pass an examination. They may choose voluntarily join EAAA as student members and pursue the United Arab Emirates Chartered Accountant (UAECA) qualification, as bookkeepers, or associates and be subject to EAAA’s rules and regulations.

    Current Status: Partially Adopted

  • International Standards on Auditing

    In accordance with Federal Law No. 12 of 2014 Concerning Auditing Profession Law, international auditing standards are adopted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Economy (MoE) for all mandatory audits. The MoE, through and the Ministry of Economy’s Ministerial Resolution No. (403) of 2015, requires application of ISA as issued by IAASB in the UAE in all statutory audits. However, ISQM 1 & 2 and ISA 220 Revised are not formally required in application by the Ministry of Economy and regulations still reference quality control. As of the date of this assessment, a secondary resolution that adopts ISQM 1, 2, and ISA 220 revised is currently pending approval.

    The respective regulators of the Financial Free Zones (FFZs) and SCA require the application of ISA in full as issued by IAASB.

    Current Status: Partially Adopted

  • Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

    The Ministry of Economy (MoE) adopts the IESBA Code of Ethics as issued by IESBA via Ministerial Resolution No. 403 of 2015 Concerning the International Standards of the Auditing Profession for all auditors.

    Ministerial Resolution No. 111-2 of 2022 further outlines that all auditors are to join the Emirates Association of Accountants and Auditors (EAAA), which is the only national professional accountancy organization. EAAA requires all members—including accountants who voluntarily join—to adhere to the IESBA Code of Ethics as issued by IESBA.

    The respective regulators of the Financial Free Zones (FFZs) also require all auditors to comply with the requirements of the IESBA Code of Ethics as issued by IESBA.

    Current Status: Adopted

  • International Public Sector Accounting Standards

    The Ministry of Finance, in accordance with Federal Law No. 26 of 2019 on Public Finance Management, adopted accrual-basis IPSAS as issued by IPSASB for all public sector entities.

    The current Handbook is required for application as issued by IPSASB, and the scope of the application of IPSAS covers (i) national government; (ii) regional government; (iii) state/provincial government; (iv) local government; (v) government ministries, departments, programs boards, commissions, agencies; and (vi) public sector social security funds, trusts, and statutory authorities.

    Current Status: Adopted

  • Investigation and Discipline

    In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), only auditors are regulated by law. There are multiple stakeholders involved in the investigation and disciplinary (I&D) processes of auditors in accordance with various laws:

    • Under Article 29 of Federal Law No. 12 of 2014 Concerning Auditing Profession Law, the Ministry of Economy (MoE) is authorized to investigate an auditor. The MoE also has powers to transfer the violations to the Disciplinary Board. Where the violation attributed to the auditor involves a criminal offense, MoE can refer the auditor to the public prosecution.
    • Federal Decree Law No. 41 of 2023 further enhanced the MoE’s responsibility in oversight of accounting professionals providing audit, financial statement review, assurance, internal audit, risk assessment and financial monitoring services. The scope of the law includes all MoE licensed auditors and those under SCA mandate. The Law introduces a Professional Compliance Committee (PCC) which includes accounting and compliance professionals, and the mandate of the PCC is to review any violations by accounting professionals under the Law. The PCC also reviews cases which have been pending without a decision at the Disciplinary Board. Judicial officers are appointed to perform the investigations of complaints. Filing of complaints can be done by anyone. All the work performed, results, decisions and rulings are to be published in the media channel chosen by the MoE. The new law further details the requirements placed upon accountancy professionals including establishment of a sound quality control system, internal control system, compliance with professional standards and code of ethics, establishment of CPD requirements, AML processes and independence requirements. MoE can review the working papers of the auditors if MoE feels it is necessary to ensure compliance with the Law.
    • The Emirates Association of Accountants and Auditors (EAAA) has gained greater responsibility for I&D system for its members, which include auditors and other accountants that join voluntarily. In April 2023 the EAAA established a Membership Investigation Committee Charter and Procedures to handle member complaints. The Membership Investigation Committee is responsible for addressing the complaints logged by members against members for violations of EAAA’s Bylaws and any other policies. As of the date of this assessment, EAAA reports that I&D procedures are being updated to include public complaints. The committee members are of a diverse background and are appointed by the Board for three years. It can investigate complaints, impose disciplinary measures, report to the Board on outcomes of investigations and ensure confidentiality of the matters related to investigations and complaints.
    • All EAAA members are also subject to I&D processes via the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) I&D system which is fully aligned with SMO 6 requirements. Any member who is removed from ACCA’s register, for any reason whatsoever, will automatically cease to be a registered member of the EAAA. Any complaint of misconduct made to EAAA against a registered member under the Joint Scheme is also referred to ACCA and investigated under ACCA’s disciplinary procedures. ACCA retains the right to investigate the matter under its disciplinary procedures and may at its sole discretion allow the member to remain on its register.
    • The Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) has a comprehensive Investigation & Disciplinary procedure for its regulated entities including audit firms and individual audit partners. These are set in Chapter 5 of the Regulatory Policy and Process (RPP Sourcebook) available on the DFSA’s website.
    • The Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority (ADAA), in accordance with Federal Law No. 14 of 2018 Regarding the Central Bank & Organization of Financial Institutions and Activities, examines and sanctions Subject Entities. Subject Entities are required to notify ADAA immediately if they discover any violation, or an event involving a violation. They must also send a copy of the investigation papers upon completion, along with their records and decisions. In turn, the authority will examine the investigative papers sent by Subject Entities to verify the objectivity of the investigation and identify the reasons that led to the violation, as well as the measures taken by the entity to deal with it and prevent future recurrences.
    • Under Article 14 of the Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA)’s Board of Director’s Decision No. 25 of 2015 Concerning the Registration of Auditors of Public Shareholding Companies and Mutual Funds, SCA conducts or requests an investigation or inspection for registered audit firms to ensure their compliance with the provisions of the law, decrees, regulations, and decisions issued. SCA may seek assistance in the inspection from one or more of the technical expertise parties. It may also, as it deems appropriate, require the documents, statements, data, or information in relation to the auditing operations that carried out by audit firms, which should provide all required records, documents, information, and clarifications.

    EAAA completed a gap analysis of the I&D systems in the jurisdiction and reported gaps pertaining to (i) the scope; (ii) lack of separate disciplinary committee for some; and (iii) differing timeframe targets for disposal of cases by the various regulators.

    Furthermore, since the UAE is a largely expat-based country, there are several accountancy professionals practicing in the jurisdiction with foreign qualifications that are recognized by the Ministry of Finance. These accounting professionals are only subject to their respective membership organization’s I&D processes, some of which are not fully aligned with SMO 6 requirements.

    Current Status: Partially Adopted

  • International Financial Reporting Standards

    The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies requires all companies to apply IFRS Standards and other pronouncements as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Furthermore, all entities that meet the definition of a small- and medium-sized entities (SMEs) are permitted to use the IFRS for SMEs Standard.

    Pursuant to the Article 36 – 7(b)2 of the Securities and Commodities Authority Board of Director’s Decision No. 3 of 2000 Concerning the Regulations as to Disclosure and Transparency, listed companies, listed on the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) are also required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS Standards as issued by IASB.

    For Financial Free Zones (FFZs), the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) and the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) require financial statements in accordance with IFRS Standards.

    Both DFSA and FSRA also permit the use of IFRS for SMEs for certain entities.

    Current Status: Adopted

 

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Methodology

Methodology
Last updated: 02/2025
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