At the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)’s 2017 Conference in Manchester, UK, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and CIPFA announced the launch of the Public Sector Financial Accountability Index.

Developed jointly by IFAC, as part of its Accountability. Now. initiative, and CIPFA, with the Zurich University of Applied Sciences as knowledge partner, the index will be the first of its kind to provide an accurate global picture of public sector financial reporting quality.

In particular, the index will provide a picture of the extent of accrual accounting and adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards. It will also aim to provide a better understanding of accounting and budgeting reform plans, and help stimulate public financial management (PFM) reforms.

The main output will be a regularly updated country-by-country public database. It will initially focus on central government, and expand over time to include state/provincial and local government.

The index will initially be populated with research data on individual countries and regions, collected by various international institutions. National standard setters will be invited to review, comment upon, and supplement the information, after which the first set of data will be made available in November 2017.

“The Public Sector Financial Accountability Index will provide better insight into the extent of global public financial reporting reform, and stimulate further reform,” said Fayez Choudhury, IFAC Chief Executive Officer.

“High-quality accrual-based information that captures the entire picture of a government’s finances and its funding commitments, both now and in the future, is the foundation for strong public financial management,” said Rob Whiteman, CIPFA CEO. “It strengthens economies, and, most importantly, builds trust with citizens. CIPFA is proud to be supporting the development of this index, which we believe will be a relevant and timely contribution to global PFM reform.”

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

About CIPFA
CIPFA, the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, is the professional body for people in public finance. Our 14,000 members work throughout the public services, in national audit agencies, in major accountancy firms, and in other bodies where public money needs to be effectively and efficiently managed.

Accountability. Now. is an initiative of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) to promote high-quality financial accounting and reporting by governments to improve transparency and help strengthen public financial management and accountability in the public interest. Further information can be obtained via the Accountability. Now. brochure.

Global economic stability and transparency and the rebuilding of public trust will be greatly enhanced by a determined G20 push for stronger governance across all sectors, according to IFAC—the International Federation of Accountants. In advance of the G20 Summit 2017 in Hamburg, Germany on July 7-8, IFAC issued actionable recommendations for G20 countries that will support both the global economy and the G20’s 2017 objectives.

“Rebuilding trust in the global economy and financial systems is critical to inspiring the confidence the world needs for sustained economic growth. Especially in these uncertain times, stakeholders with a passion for transparent, accountable governance must work together,” said IFAC Chief Executive Officer, Fayez Choudhury. “Individuals and institutions must be empowered by strong governance; fortified by a consistent, transparent regulatory environment; and enabled by access to a high-speed, secure digital environment.”

IFAC calls on the G20 and other key stakeholders in the global economy to collaborate on:

• Raising governance standards across all economic sectors to increase transparency and accountability, and help restore trust and inspire confidence in business and government, key to the G20’s aspirations to: build resilience, improve sustainability, and assume responsibility.
• Fostering greater transparency and regulatory consistency to achieve growth, confidence, and stability. This requires an inclusive digital and economic environment for businesses of all sizes, as well as implementation and adoption of high-quality internationally-accepted regulations and standards.

IFAC’s member organizations represent almost 3 million accountants globally. They contribute nearly USD$250 billion gross value added annually, and facilitate higher standards of living. Recent research also shows that a higher percentage of accountants in the workforce strongly correlates to better outcomes in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index—and that the impact is improved even further when accountants operate in countries with strong governance architectures.

IFAC strengthens the accountancy profession by:

• supporting the development of high-quality international standards;
• promoting the adoption and implementation of these standards;
• building the capacity of professional accountancy organizations; and
• speaking out on public interest issues.

Visit IFAC’s website for IFAC’s full recommendations to the G20.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants^® (IESBA^®) today released for public comment the Exposure Draft, Proposed Application Material Relating to Professional Skepticism and Professional Judgment. The proposed guidance for the first time links key concepts in the IESBA Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants^™ (the Code) and clarifies their application, namely:

• how compliance with the fundamental principles in the Code supports professional skepticism by auditors and assurance practitioners for audit, review, and other assurance engagements; and
• the importance of professional accountants obtaining a sufficient understanding of the facts and circumstances known to them when exercising professional judgment in applying the conceptual framework underpinning the Code.

“Compliance with the fundamental principles and professional skepticism are essential obligations of professional accountants for audit and other assurance engagements,” said IESBA Chairman Dr. Stavros Thomadakis. “We are articulating for the first time the linkage between the two, making clear the important role that the fundamental principles play in enabling auditors and assurance practitioners to meet the public’s expectations about exercising professional skepticism.”

The proposed guidance addressing the fundamental principles and professional skepticism responds to a recommendation from the tripartite Professional Skepticism Working Group established by the IESBA, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), and the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB).

“While developing this guidance, the IESBA also emphasizes the importance of professional accountants not simply accepting information at face value when exercising professional judgment,” noted IESBA Technical Director, Ken Siong.

Once finalized, this material will be included in the clarified and restructured Code that the IESBA plans to complete by the end of 2017. Beyond this, the IESBA will continue to explore further issues relating to professional skepticism in close coordination with the IAASB and IAESB, and in consultation with stakeholders.

How to Comment
The IESBA invites all stakeholders to comment on the Exposure Draft by visiting the Ethics Board’s website at www.ethicsboard.org. Comments are requested by July 25, 2017.

About the IESBA
The IESBA is an independent standard-setting board that develops and issues, in the public interest, high-quality ethical standards and other pronouncements for professional accountants worldwide. Through its activities, the IESBA develops the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, which establishes ethical requirements for professional accountants. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IESBA are facilitated by IFAC. Please visit www.ethicsboard.org for more information, and follow us on Twitter @Ethics_Board.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Significant changes in how auditors evaluate accounting estimates and related disclosures have been proposed by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The changes will require auditors to sharpen their focus on risks of material misstatements arising from accounting estimates, and to address those risks with more granular audit requirements.

“Accounting estimates are used in many financial statements—often they are complex, and require judgement or have estimation uncertainty. It is especially important that auditors are required to design and perform procedures to ensure estimates’ reliability,” said Prof. Arnold Schilder, IAASB Chairman. “The proposed standard will bring significant changes to many audits, but particularly to audits of financial institutions, such as banks and insurers, given the recent shift to accounting for expected credit losses.”

The proposed standard continues the evolution of audit to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex global economy. It was developed following extensive consultation with regulators and practitioners, including those who audit small, medium, and large businesses.

The proposed standard:

• enhances requirements for risk assessment procedures to include specific factors related to accounting estimates, namely complexity, judgment, and estimation uncertainty;
• sets a more detailed expectation for the auditor’s response to identified risks, including augmenting the auditor’s application of professional skepticism; and
• is scalable regardless of the size or sector of the business or audit firm.

International Standard on Auditing 540 (Revised), Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related Disclosures, is open for public comment until August 1, 2017. The IAASB invites all stakeholders to comment on the Exposure Draft via the IAASB website. 

About the IAASB
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants^® (IESBA^®) today released an online survey seeking comments, views, and insights from all stakeholders to help shape its future strategic direction. The survey closes on July 18, 2017.

The survey seeks early input into the key issues the IESBA should address that might impact its Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants™ (the Code). This is a first step in the development of the IESBA’s strategy and work plan beyond 2018.

“By the end of 2017, the IESBA expects to have completed major projects to strengthen the Code as well as restructure it for greater clarity and usability. We recognize that beyond these improvements, it is in the public interest to continue to enhance the Code as a bedrock of public trust in the global accountancy profession, and to promote its further adoption and effective implementation around the world,” said Dr. Stavros Thomadakis, IESBA Chairman. “This survey is an important first step in gathering views on specific developments, needs, and priorities that will enable the Code to remain globally relevant, reinforce its high quality, and facilitate adoption and effective implementation.”

Responses to the survey will inform the IESBA’s development of a formal consultation paper on its Strategy and Work Plan beyond 2018. The consultation paper is expected to be issued in 2018.

A pdf version of the survey is also available.

About the IESBA
The IESBA is an independent standard-setting board that develops and issues, in the public interest, high-quality ethical standards and other pronouncements for professional accountants worldwide. Through its activities, the IESBA develops the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, which establishes ethical requirements for professional accountants. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IESBA are facilitated by IFAC. Please visit www.ethicsboard.org for more information, and follow us on Twitter @Ethics_Board.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board^® (IPSASB^®) has released a Consultation Paper (CP), Financial Reporting for Heritage in the Public Sector, for comment.

”There is currently a variety of financial reporting practices for heritage items, which reduces the comparability of public sector entities’ general purpose financial reports (GPFRs),” said IPSASB Chair Ian Carruthers. “Many public sector entities have heritage responsibilities and this Consultation Paper is a first step toward developing financial reporting guidance to support accountability and decision making in this area. We look forward to receiving constituents’ views on our proposals.”

The paper describes heritage items as items that are intended to be held indefinitely and preserved for the benefit of present and future generations because of their rarity and/or significance. It proposes that:

• heritage items’ special characteristics do not prevent them from being assets for the purposes of financial reporting;
• heritage items should be recognized in the statement of financial position if they meet the recognition criteria in the Conceptual Framework; and
• in many cases, it will be possible to assign a monetary value to heritage assets.

The paper also discusses:

• initial and subsequent measurement of heritage assets;
• whether heritage preservation responsibilities could involve present obligations for entities, which should be recognized as liabilities in the financial statements; and
• presentation of information for heritage in GPFRs.

How to Comment
To access the Consultation Paper and its summary At-a-Glance document, or to submit a comment, visit the IPSASB website, www.ipsasb.org. Comments on the Consultation Paper are requested by September 30, 2017. The IPSASB encourages IFAC members, associates, and regional accountancy organizations to promote the availability of this Consultation Paper to their members and employees.

About the IPSASB
The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) works to strengthen public financial management globally through the development of accrual-based International Public Sector Accounting Standards^® (IPSAS^®) and other guidance for use by governments and other public sector entities. It receives support from international financial institutions, governments, and professional bodies around the world, as well as from IFAC. IPSASB’s governance and standard setting are overseen by the Public Interest Committee (PIC), ensuring its activities follow due process and reflect the public interest.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

The Public Interest Oversight Board has approved an extension of Prof. Arnold Schilder’s term as Chairman of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) through 2018. This exceptional extension beyond Prof. Schilder’s normal term is due to the current review of potential enhancements to international standard-setting arrangements being undertaken by key stakeholders.

Since his initial appointment in 2009, Prof. Schilder has played a key role in guiding the IAASB as it strives to enhance the quality and consistency of auditing and assurance practices throughout the world. There are now 113 jurisdictions around the world using or in the process of adopting the clarified International Standards on Auditing.

"I am honored to have the opportunity to continue to lead the IAASB, particularly at this time,” said Prof. Schilder. “We are now in the midst of intense deliberations on changes to a number of fundamental standards underpinning high-quality audits, including those addressing accounting estimates, auditor risk assessments, group audits, and quality control. In addition, we are continuing our work on the implications of data analytics, professional skepticism, emerging forms of external reporting, and the needs of small- and medium-sized entities."

Prof. Schilder has brought a wealth of prior experience to his work on the IAASB. He was a member of the Managing Board of the Dutch Central Bank, responsible in particular for banking regulation and supervision. He has served as the chair of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's Accounting Task Force and was nominated by the Basel Committee to be a member of the Public Interest Oversight Board when it was first established. Earlier in his career he was president of Royal NIVRA (now Nederlandse Beroepsorganisatie van Accountants) and was an audit practitioner for nearly 26 years, serving small- and medium-sized entities and as an international audit partner. He also served as a part-time professor of auditing at the Universities of Amsterdam and Maastricht.

About the IAASB
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

Nearly 60% of Caribbean countries included in a recent survey have already adopted International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) or national accounting standards based on IPSAS, and the remaining 40% are at various stages of the implementation process according to Accrual Practices and Reform Expectations in the Caribbean, a study conducted by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean (ICAC).

This study, the result of an initial survey during the 2016 Strengthening Public Financial Reporting and Accountability conference in the Bahamas, examined the current status of public financial management (PFM) reforms in the Caribbean. It also analyzed the individual countries to assess: (a) the current and future accounting basis and reporting standards for public financial statements; (b) the current and future recognition basis for budgeting; and (c) the current and future external audit requirements for public financial statements.

“Study participants identified areas where stakeholder groups could partner to step up knowledge sharing and collaboration between governments, the accountancy profession, and other stakeholders in the Caribbean,” said Jasmine Davis, ICAC President. “These partnerships may give rise to improved public financial reporting, better informed public decision making, better quality of public services, better management of assets and liabilities, better public financial management, increased accountability, and, ultimately, enhanced trust of citizens in government.”

The study showed that most Caribbean countries are in the process of reforming and modernizing their financial reporting, budgeting, and auditing practices.

• After the reforms have been implemented, the regional balance will move from mostly cash-based accounting to nearly two-thirds using accrual-based accounting. In addition, 60% of those surveyed are expected to have implemented IPSAS while the other 40% will be using national standards based on IPSAS.
• For preparation of the budget, however, most central governments in the Caribbean (60%) still use the cash basis, with only Belize transitioning to accrual.
• Almost all Caribbean countries included in this study already use internationally recognized auditing standards (International Standards on Auditing or International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions) or national standards based on international standards.

“IFAC has been a driver of change in the Caribbean to modernization accounting systems and move toward more efficient and transparent public financial management. In collaboration with regional and national professional accountancy organizations in the Caribbean, IFAC works to promote conferences, train, and develop cooperation agreements,” said Fayez Choudhury, IFAC CEO. ”The study also suggests that most countries in the Caribbean recognize the importance of high-quality, reliable, and transparent public financial accounting and reporting arrangements and are gradually implementing reforms to achieve these desired outcomes. IFAC, through its Accountability. Now. initiative, together with the ICAC and the various Caribbean national professional accountancy organizations, continues to support this transition.”

A digital version of the report can be found at on the IFAC and ICAC websites.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

About ICAC
Since its establishment in 1988, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean has provided a forum for the advancement of the accountancy profession in the Caribbean. Today, with a network of approximately 3,000 professionals, the ICAC is the leading regional organization dedicated to advancing the interest of accountants and professionals in the finance industry within the Caribbean through the promotion of internationally acceptable standards and best practices, thought leadership, research and continuing professional development. In 2006, the ICAC was recognized as an “Acknowledged Regional Grouping” of IFAC.

James R. Dalkin has been appointed as the incoming Chair of the Consultative Advisory Group (CAG) to the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), effective April 1, 2017.

His appointment, approved by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB),* follows his election by representatives of the IAASB CAG.**

The CAG is an independent body comprising regulators, preparers, international investor and user groups, and other stakeholders with an interest in international auditing and assurance. It provides strategic and technical advice in the public interest to the IAASB. Mr. Dalkin will play a key role ensuring the CAG’s views are included in the IAASB’s deliberations.

“I am honored to be elected by my CAG peers as the group’s new chair at a time of great change and opportunity for the profession,” Mr. Dalkin said. “The 32 organizations represented on the CAG have a critical interest in seeing the development of the best possible audit and assurance standards. I look forward to working with CAG representatives to ensure the IAASB clearly hears the advice from end-users of the IAASB’s standards and guidance.”

Mr. Dalkin is a Director in the Financial Management and Assurance Team with the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) and is also an observer to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission Advisory Board (COSO). He has been an IAASB CAG representative since 2013, and has previously served as a board member of the American Institute of CPAs’ Auditing Standards Board.

At the GAO, Mr. Dalkin directs work to develop and maintain government auditing standards (the Yellow Book); internal control standards for the US federal government (the Green Book); and the GAO’s work with the accounting and auditing profession. He is also responsible for the audits of the US Securities Exchange Commission and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and is an adjunct professor at Georgetown University.

“James’ extensive public sector auditing experience, and demonstrated leadership driving transparency, accountability, and serving the public interest make him ideally suited to articulate the views of end-users in the IAASB’s work,” said Prof. Arnold Schilder, IAASB Chairman. “As we continue to focus on enhancing audit quality, the CAG’s advice—under James’ leadership—remains critically important to the standard setting process. I thank him, and his CAG colleagues, for their work, which clearly supports the IAASB’s public interest mission.”

About the IAASB CAG
The CAG comprises a diverse mix of 32 Member Organizations** including, user groups, regulators, financial executives, international public interest organizations and other professional bodies such as lawyers, valuation experts and actuaries with interests in, or related to audit and assurance. The CAG is an integral and important part of the IAASB's formal process of consultation, and Representatives of CAG member organizations provide the IAASB advice on numerous areas, including the IAASB’s agenda and project timetable (work program); its technical projects; and other matters of relevance to the IAASB’s activities. The Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) oversees the work of the CAG, and the roles and responsibilities of the CAG Chair are approved by the PIOB.

About the IAASB
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

*The PIOB
Established in 2005 as the oversight board for the global accountancy profession, the PIOB oversees the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants, the International Accounting Education Standards Board, and their CAGs, as well as IFAC’s Compliance Advisory Panel, with the objective of increasing the confidence of investors and others that their activities are properly responsive to the public interest. PIOB members are nominated by international institutions and regulatory bodies.

**IAASB CAG Members Organizations and Observers

• Accountancy Europe
• Associação Brasileira de Instituições Financeiras de Desenvolvimento
• Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• BUSINESSEUROPE
• CFA Institute
• European Commission
• European Federation of Accountants and Auditors for SMEs
• Financial Executives Institutes International
• Gulf States Regulatory Authorities
• Information Systems Audit and Control Association
• Institute of Internal Auditors
• International Accounting Standards Board
• International Actuarial Association
• International Association of Financial Executives Institutes - Asian Region
• International Association of Financial Executives Institutes - Europe, Middle East, and African Region
• International Association of Insurance Supervisors
• International Bar Association
• International Corporate Governance Network
• International Organization of Securities Commissions
• International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
• International Valuation Standards Council
• Islamic Financial Services Board
• Japan Securities Dealers Association
• National Association of State Boards of Accountancy
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
• Sri Lanka Accounting and Auditing Standards Monitoring Board
• United Nations Conference on Trade & Development
• World Bank
• World Federation of Exchanges

Observers

• Financial Services Agency, Japan
• International Monetary Fund
• US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

Nearly three-quarters of OECD countries have adopted accrual accounting for their year-end financial reports and more than a quarter now prepare their annual budgets on an accrual basis, according to the landmark study Accrual Practices and Reform Experiences in OECD Countries by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The study, which examined accounting and budgeting practices at the national government level in OECD countries, discusses the challenges and benefits of accruals reforms and considers what steps countries are taking to make better use of accrual information in the future.

“High-quality financial reporting is essential to ensure that governments make fiscal decisions based on up-to-date information and an accurate understanding of their financial position,” said Fayez Choudhury, IFAC CEO. “They provide a mechanism through which legislatures, auditors, and the public at large can hold governments accountable for their financial performance.”

The study showed that most OECD countries have reformed and modernized their financial reporting practices over the last few decades:

• approximately three-quarters of OECD countries have adopted accrual accounting for their year-end financial reports as a key priority;
• more than a quarter of OECD countries prepare their annual budgets on an accrual basis; and
• audit techniques and accounting standard-setting mechanisms have also evolved significantly in the wake of accounting reforms.

The study also points out that while the direct adoption of international accounting standards, such as International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), by national governments remains very low, many standard setters use IPSAS or IFRS as primary or explicit references for developing their national standards.

“While governments still seek to improve the usefulness and comprehensibility of their financial reports, a majority of OECD countries expressed satisfaction that accounting reforms have already resulted in greater transparency and accountability of their financial operations,” said Jón R. Blöndal, Head of the OECD Budgeting and Public Expenditures Division.

A digital version of the report can be found at on the IFAC and OECD websites.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

About OECD
Working with over 100 countries, the OECD is a global policy forum that promotes policies to improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.